Why Muslims Should Be the Smartest Financial Decision Makers
•By Muslim Economist
Artikel ini juga tersedia dalam Bahasa Melayu
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Many people know what they should do with their money - save, invest, avoid excessive debt. But why do most still fail? The answer is not just about knowledge. It is about how the human brain is programmed to prioritize today's pleasures over future benefits.
Interestingly, Islam has provided a thinking framework capable of overcoming this psychological weakness for over 1,400 years. In this article, we will explore why Muslims should be the smartest group when it comes to making financial decisions - not just in theory, but based on scientific research and the akhirat (afterlife) principles already embedded in Islamic teachings.
In the field of behavioral economics, there are two important concepts that explain why humans often fail at financial planning:
Present bias is the human tendency to choose a small immediate reward over a larger future reward. Simple example: you would rather spend RM500 today than save it to get RM600 a year from now.
Temporal discounting is the phenomenon where the perceived value of something decreases when it occurs in the future. The further away something is in time, the lower its value appears to us today.
According to research by Laibson (1997) from Harvard University, humans are naturally inclined toward hyperbolic discounting - meaning they make inconsistent decisions between the short term and long term. Someone might promise "next month I will start saving," but when next month arrives, that promise is broken again.
Neuroscience research shows that the human brain processes immediate rewards and future rewards in different brain regions. The limbic system (which controls emotions and immediate desires) is more active when we face short-term choices, while the prefrontal cortex (which controls rational planning) needs to work harder for long-term choices.
A study by McClure et al. (2004) published in the journal Science found that when subjects were offered immediate money versus more money in the future, their limbic brain regions lit up actively - as if "screaming" for the immediate reward.
This means that biologically, humans are indeed designed to prioritize today. Without a strong external mechanism to fight this urge, most people will continue making financial decisions that harm their future selves.
To understand the impact of present bias on finances, we can use the analogy of non-communicable diseases (NCD) like type 2 diabetes.
A person with diabetes knows that excessive sugar is dangerous. The doctor has advised, the family has reminded. But every time they see sweets in front of them, their hand still reaches out. Why? Because the pleasure of eating sugar is immediate and real, while the diabetes complications are distant and vague.
According to a study published in Health Economics, individuals with high present bias are more likely to:
The same thing happens in finance:
Like NCDs that kill slowly, poor financial decisions also do not have immediate effects. They erode your life stability bit by bit - until one day you realize it is too late.
Economic psychologists cite several main reasons:
A study by Hershfield et al. (2011) found that humans often perceive "their future selves" as a different person. When asked to imagine themselves 20 years from now, the brain activity produced is almost identical to imagining a stranger.
This means when you overspend today and hand the burden to "yourself at age 50," your brain literally considers you as handing the problem to someone else - not yourself.
Many people believe "I will sort it out later" or "fortune will come." This overconfidence, called optimism bias, causes people to postpone financial action because they believe the future will automatically be better.
In Malaysia, the culture of "keeping up with trends" is very strong. New cars, latest phones, big houses - all of these are driven by social comparison. When everyone around you is spending, the pressure to follow becomes immense, even if it means sacrificing future savings.
This is the most fascinating part. Islam, through the concept of akhirat (afterlife), has actually provided the most powerful psychological mechanism to overcome present bias.
Unlike a worldly perspective that only looks 10, 20, or 30 years ahead, Islam teaches its followers to see the eternal life after death. This means:
When a Muslim truly internalizes this concept, they will automatically develop what economists call a low discount rate - the ability to value the future almost as highly as the present.
The Quran is filled with verses that educate humans not to be deceived by immediate pleasures:
"The life of this world is nothing but a deceiving enjoyment." (Surah Ali Imran, 3:185)
"Beautified for people is the love of that which they desire - of women, children, heaped-up sums of gold and silver, fine branded horses, cattle, and tilled land. That is the enjoyment of worldly life, but Allah has with Him the best return." (Surah Ali Imran, 3:14)
These verses are not merely spiritual reminders. From a behavioral economics perspective, they function as a debiasing tool - an instrument to correct the natural human tendency to overly prioritize immediate rewards.
The obligation of zakat in Islam also functions as a mechanism to train the soul against present bias. When you give out 2.5% of your wealth that has met the haul and nisab requirements, you are training yourself to:
Similarly, infaq and sadaqah literally train the brain to practice delayed gratification at the highest level.
In conventional economics, humans are portrayed as Homo Economicus - rational beings who always maximize personal gain. But study after study proves that humans are actually not rational - we are influenced by emotions, biases, and our environment.
Islam introduces a concept that can be understood as Homo Islamicus - a Muslim who makes decisions based on Shariah principles, worldly-akhirat balance, and community welfare. According to research by Yaqeen Institute, the Islamic thinking framework provides:
Understanding theory alone is not enough. Here are practical steps that combine Islamic principles with behavioral economics science:
Before every major expense, ask yourself: "Does this spending benefit me in this world AND the hereafter?" This technique is called implementation intention in psychology - it forces the brain to shift from the limbic system (impulsive) to the prefrontal cortex (rational).
For unplanned purchases exceeding RM200, wait 72 hours before buying. Studies show that after 72 hours, most impulsive desires will fade. This aligns with the Islamic concept of sabr (patience) - restraining yourself from hasty actions.
In Islam, wealth saved for good purposes is a trust (amanah). Set up an automatic deduction of at least 10-20% of your salary each month to a savings or investment account. This removes the need to make decisions every month - and prevents present bias from interfering.
Every time you are tempted to overspend, remind yourself of the question on the Day of Judgment: "Where did you earn your wealth from, and where did you spend it?" (Hadith narrated by Tirmidhi). This visualization technique has been proven effective in psychology studies for reducing impulsive spending.
Financial literacy is an increasingly important communal obligation (fardhu kifayah). Understand basic concepts such as compound interest, personal financial management, and retirement planning. The combination of modern knowledge with Islamic principles produces the most optimal financial decisions.
One of the clearest manifestations of present bias in modern finance is the Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) phenomenon. These platforms literally make it easier for people to get immediate rewards (goods) without feeling the pain of payment (which is deferred to the future).
From an Islamic perspective, this is deeply concerning because:
Bank Negara Malaysia reports that Malaysian household debt is at a high level compared to other countries in the region. This shows that present bias is not merely an academic theory - it is a real problem affecting millions of Malaysians.
Present bias is the human tendency to choose immediate rewards over larger future rewards. In finance, it causes people to prefer spending today rather than saving or investing for the future.
Temporal discounting is the phenomenon where the value of something decreases when it occurs in the future. Islam, through the concept of akhirat, teaches its followers to place very high value on the future (including life after death) - effectively reducing the impact of temporal discounting.
Yes, extensively. Research from Harvard (Laibson, 1997), Stanford (Hershfield, 2011), and the journal Science (McClure, 2004) all demonstrate that humans naturally tend to prioritize immediate rewards over future ones.
Zakat trains the soul to let go of wealth owned today for future rewards (akhirat rewards). It functions as regular training for delayed gratification - the same skill needed for saving and investing.
Homo Islamicus refers to the model of a Muslim individual who makes decisions based on Shariah principles, worldly-akhirat balance, and community welfare - different from Homo Economicus who only focuses on maximizing personal gain.
BNPL makes it easy for people to get goods immediately without feeling the pain of payment. It removes the "pain of paying" that acts as a natural brake against overspending, thereby reinforcing present bias.
Start with the 72-hour method (wait before buying), automate your savings, and learn the basics of investing. Most importantly, strengthen your faith and awareness of the akhirat because it is the most powerful motivation for making wise long-term decisions.
The principles of present bias and temporal discounting are universal - they apply to all humans. However, Islam provides a unique and comprehensive thinking framework to overcome them through the concepts of akhirat, zakat, and the principle of moderation.
Muslims should be the smartest group when it comes to making financial decisions. Not because they are automatically smarter, but because Islamic teachings provide a thinking framework that is scientifically proven effective for overcoming human psychological weaknesses - particularly present bias and temporal discounting. The question is: are we truly using this advantage, or do we merely know about it without putting it into practice?
If you are serious about taking the first step in managing your finances more wisely, start by understanding the world of investing.
Open a CDS Trading Account via Mahersaham to start investing on Bursa Malaysia with guidance from a licensed remisier.
Download the Free Stock Market Basics Ebook to build a solid investment knowledge foundation from a Malaysian Muslim investor's perspective.